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The Militia Act of 1903 (), also known as "The Efficiency in Militia Act of 1903", also known as the Dick Act, 〔(Act of Jan. 21, 1903, 47th Congress, 2nd session, chapter 196, 32 Stat. 775-780. )〕 was legislation enacted by the United States Congress which codified the circumstances under which the National Guard could be federalized. It also provided federal funds to the National Guard to pay for equipment and training, including annual summer encampments. In return, the National Guard began to organize its units along the same lines as the regular Army, and took steps to meet the same training, education and readiness requirements as active duty units.〔Barry M. Stentiford, (The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century ), 2002, page 12〕 ==History== During the nineteenth century, the militia in each U.S. state and territory operated under the Militia Acts of 1792. Under these laws, the question of state versus federal control of the militia was unresolved. As a result, the federal government could not rely on the militia for national defense. As an example, during the War of 1812, members of the New York Militia refused to take part in operations against the British in Canada, arguing that their only responsibility was to defend their home state.〔Jesse Greenspan, History.com, (How U.S. Forces Failed to Conquer Canada 200 Years Ago ), July 12, 2012〕 In another instance, Martin Chittenden, the Governor of Vermont, unsuccessfully attempted to recall his state's militia from the defense of Plattsburgh, claiming that it was illegal for them to operate outside Vermont's borders.〔Spencer C. Tucker, (The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812 ), 2012, page 132〕 Because the issue of state versus federal control was not resolved, the federal government resorted to the creation of "volunteer" units when it needed to expand the size of the Army. These units of United States Volunteers were not militia, though often they consisted of militia units which had volunteered ''en masse'', nor were they part of the regular Army. This solution was employed during the Mexican–American War,〔Public Broadcasting System, (A Call to Arms: The American Army in the Mexican War: An Overview ), A Conversation With Richard Bruce Winders, Historian and Curator, The Alamo, March 14, 2006〕 and in the Union Army during the American Civil War.〔Robert K. Krick, Gary W. Gallagher, (The American Civil War: The War in the East, 1863-1865 ), 2001, page 7〕 During the Spanish–American War some volunteer units were organized, most notably the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, nicknamed "Rough Riders."〔U.S. Army Center of Military History, (Spanish-American War: Volunteer Forces ), 1899〕〔Texas State Historical Association, Handbook of Texas Online, (First United States Volunteer Cavalry ), accessed July 3, 2013〕 The federal government also mobilized several National Guard units which volunteered ''en masse'' and were accepted as volunteer units.〔Spanish-American War Centennial Website, (Unit Profiles, Rosters, and Photos ), accessed July 3, 2013〕〔New York Times, (The Volunteer Army Call: Further Instructions Issued to the Governors of States by the War Department; MODE OF ENLISTMENT GIVEN System for the Enrollment of the National Guard Organizations Much Simpler Than Had Been Supposed; Replies of the Governors ), April 27, 1898〕 Several issues with the National Guard became apparent as a result of the Spanish–American War experience, including low levels of individual and unit training and readiness; differences in organizational structure, uniforms and equipment; and lack of standardization in leader qualifications and professional development.〔U.S. War Department, (Spanish American War, 1898, Government Documents ), 1899, pages 94–95〕〔Connecticut Adjutant General, (Annual Report ), 1899, page xxiv〕〔''New York Times'', (The National Guard ), January 1, 1897〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Militia Act of 1903」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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